Characterization of optical waveguide in Nd: LuVO4 crystals by triple-energy oxygen ion implantation

We report on the optical planar waveguide formation and modal characterization in Nd:LuVO4 crystals by triple-energy O3+-ion implantation at energies of 2.4, 3.0, and 3.6 MeV and doses of 1.4, 1.4, and 3.1×1014 ions/cm2, respectively. The prism-coupling method is used to investigate the dark-mode property at a wavelength of 633 nm. The refractive index profiles of the waveguide are reconstructed by the reflectivity calculation method (RCM). The modal analysis shows that the fields of TE modes are well restricted in the guiding region, which indicates the formation of non-leaky waveguide in the crystal.