Morphology of hydrothermally synthesized ZnO nanoparticles tethered to carbon nanotubes affects electrocatalytic activity for H2O2 detection

We describe the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and demonstrate their attachment to multiwalled carbon tubes, resulting in a composite with a unique synergistic effect. Morphology and size of ZnO nanostructures were controlled using hydrothermal synthesis, varying the hydrothermal treatment temperature, prior to attachment to carboxylic acid functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes for sensing applications. A strong dependence of electrocatalytic activity on nanosized ZnO shape was shown. High activity for H2O2 reduction was achieved when nanocomposite precursors with a roughly semi-spherical morphology (no needle-like particles present) formed at 90 °C. A 2.4-fold increase in cyclic voltammetry current accompanied by decrease in overpotential from the composites made from the nanosized, needle-like-free ZnO shapes was observed as compared to those composites produced from needle-like shaped ZnO. Electrocatalytic activity varied with pH, maximizing at pH 7.4. A stable, linear response for H2O2 concentrations was observed in the 1–20 mM concentration range.

Graphical abstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights► Hydrothermal treatment temperatures >55 °C result in needle-like shape free ZnO nanostructures. ► Electrode composites for sensitive and selective detection of H2O2 is affected by ZnO nanostructure morphology. ► A pronounced cyclic voltammetry reduction potential for optimized 90 °C ZnO/COOH-MWNT composite was observed. ► The composite material was stable within the 1–20 mM H2O2 concentration range.