Noether’s theorem, exceptional Lie groups hierarchy and determining 1/α ≅ 137 of electromagnetism

Noether’s theorem relating conservation laws with symmetry is applied in conjunction with the exceptional Lie group hierarchy, the holographic principles and E-infinity theory to calculate the electromagnetic fine structure constant. Various schemes are suggested utilizing the fundamentals of heterotic strings as well as P-Brane theory leading to essentially the same value of 1/α ≅ 137 in complete agreement with the well-established experimental evidences.