Polymorphisms in the promoter regions for human MMP-1 and MMP-13 lead to differential responses to the alpha and beta isoforms of estrogen receptor and their ligand in vitro

Estrogen receptors (ER) are present in connective tissues and therefore it is possible that the loss of estrogen after menopause influences the integrity of these tissues, contributing to development of degenerative conditions such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis in a subset of women. Aberrant expression of matrix metalloproteinases (e.g. MMP-1 and MMP-13) has been implicated in the progression of these diseases. The present study investigated potential molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of expression of MMP-1 and MMP-13 promoter variants by ER-α and ER-β (+/− estrogen) in a transient transfection system. The results demonstrate that the activity of human MMP-1 and MMP-13 polymorphic variants is elevated in the presence of ER-α and ER-β, and the single nucleotide polymorphisms present in the promoters of MMP-1 and MMP-13 variants leads to differential activities in response to the ER isoforms. Furthermore, the influence of 17-β estradiol also varies depending upon whether the alpha or the beta isoform of ER is the modulator of these polymorphic variants. These findings support the conclusion that ER isoforms may be contributing to disease development and/or progression in genetically distinct subsets of women following menopause, and provide mechanistic insights into how such contributions are manifested.