Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
1913909 | Journal of the Neurological Sciences | 2013 | 7 Pages |
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies have shown that environmental factors such as infections, smoking and vitamin D are associated with the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). Some of these factors also play a role in the MS disease course. We are currently beginning to understand how environmental factors may impact immune function in MS on a cellular and molecular level. Here we review epidemiological, clinical and basic immunological studies on the environmental factors, viral and parasitic infections, smoking, and vitamin D and relate epidemiological findings with their likely pathophysiology in MS.
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Authors
Marcus W. Koch, Luanne M. Metz, Smriti M. Agrawal, V. Wee Yong,