The value of cerebral Doppler venous haemodynamics in the assessment of multiple sclerosis

Iron stores in the white and deep grey matter in course of multiple sclerosis (MS) have never been explained and could be related to abnormalities in venous drainage, but this possibility has never before been investigated.From an initial cohort of 320 subjects, after application of exclusion criteria, we selected 109 patients affected by MS, and 177 controls respectively composed by age- and sex-matched, healthy aged, and patients affected by other neurological diseases. They blindly underwent transcranial and extracranial Color–Doppler sonographic examination (TCCS-ECD), aimed at investigating five parameters related to normal cerebral venous outflow haemodynamics.Overall we analyzed 1430 TCSS-ECD parameters. In controls we found 861 normal parameters of cerebral venous return vs. 24 anomalous, whereas in MS 288 parameters were normal and 257 anomalous, respectively. Consequently, each of the considered Doppler haemodynamic parameters, when compared to revised McDonald criteria as a gold standard of MS diagnosis, showed separately a highly significant sensitivity and a noteworthy specificity. However, the detection ≥ 2 parameters in the same subject, never observed in controls, perfectly overlapped the diagnosis of MS (value, 95%CI: sensitivity 100%, 97–100; specificity 100%, 98–100; positive predictive value 100%, 97–100, negative predictive value 100%, 98–100; p < 0.0001). Moreover, this study demonstrates a significant impairment of cerebral venous drainage in patients affected by MS, a mechanism potentially related to increased iron stores.