Diabetes, smoking, and other medical conditions in relation to Parkinson's disease risk

Associations of Parkinson's disease (PD) with diabetes mellitus (DM) and other medical conditions were investigated in a case–control study of 352 newly diagnosed PD case and 484 control subjects. Men with DM had a significantly lower risk of PD, than men without DM (odds ratio (OR)=0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.28, 0.97), whereas the association in women was weaker (OR=0.80, 95% CI=0.35, 1.83). PD risk was reduced among male and female smokers, with and without diabetes. However, among diabetics, the PD risk was especially reduced in non-smoking men (OR=0.09, 95% CI=0.02, 0.44). Other medical conditions showed no strong relations with PD.