Model of cathode catalyst layers for polymer electrolyte fuel cells: The role of porous structure and water accumulation

The cathode catalyst layer (CCL) is the major competitive ground for reactant transport, electrochemical reaction, and water management in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). Our model, presented here, accounts for the full coupling of random porous morphology, transport properties, and electrochemical conversion in CCLs. It relates spatial distributions of water, oxygen, electrostatic potential, and reaction rates to the effectiveness of catalyst utilization, water handling capabilities, and voltage efficiency. A feedback mechanism, involving the non-linear coupling between liquid water accumulation and oxygen depletion is responsible for the transition from a state of low partial saturation with high voltage efficiency to a state with excessive water accumulation that corresponds to highly non-uniform reaction rate distributions and large voltage losses. The transition between these states could be monotonous or it could involve bistability in the transition region. We introduce stability diagrams as a convenient tool for assessing CCL performance in dependence of composition, porous structure, wetting properties, and operating conditions.