Single-Cell Expression Analyses during Cellular Reprogramming Reveal an Early Stochastic and a Late Hierarchic Phase

SummaryDuring cellular reprogramming, only a small fraction of cells become induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Previous analyses of gene expression during reprogramming were based on populations of cells, impeding single-cell level identification of reprogramming events. We utilized two gene expression technologies to profile 48 genes in single cells at various stages during the reprogramming process. Analysis of early stages revealed considerable variation in gene expression between cells in contrast to late stages. Expression of Esrrb, Utf1, Lin28, and Dppa2 is a better predictor for cells to progress into iPSCs than expression of the previously suggested reprogramming markers Fbxo15, Fgf4, and Oct4. Stochastic gene expression early in reprogramming is followed by a late hierarchical phase with Sox2 being the upstream factor in a gene expression hierarchy. Finally, downstream factors derived from the late phase, which do not include Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, and Nanog, can activate the pluripotency circuitry.

Graphical AbstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload high-quality image (329 K)Download as PowerPoint slideHighlights► Single cells exhibit high variation in gene expression early in reprogramming ► Esrrb, Utf1, Lin28, and Dppa2 mark cells with high probability to become iPSCs ► Activation of the Sox2 locus initiates a late hierarchical phase of gene expression ► Generation of iPSCs without Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, and Nanog