Nuclear Size Is Regulated by Importin α and Ntf2 in Xenopus

SummaryThe size of the nucleus varies among different cell types, species, and disease states, but mechanisms of nuclear size regulation are poorly understood. We investigated nuclear scaling in the pseudotetraploid frog Xenopus laevis and its smaller diploid relative Xenopus tropicalis, which contains smaller cells and nuclei. Nuclear scaling was recapitulated in vitro using egg extracts, demonstrating that titratable cytoplasmic factors determine nuclear size to a greater extent than DNA content. Nuclear import rates correlated with nuclear size, and varying the concentrations of two transport factors, importin α and Ntf2, was sufficient to account for nuclear scaling between the two species. Both factors modulated lamin B3 import, with importin α increasing overall import rates and Ntf2 reducing import based on cargo size. Importin α also contributes to nuclear size changes during early X. laevis development. Thus, nuclear transport mechanisms are physiological regulators of both interspecies and developmental nuclear scaling.PaperFlick To view the video inline, enable JavaScript on your browser. However, you can download and view the video by clicking on the icon belowHelp with MP4 filesOptionsDownload video (15906 K)

Graphical AbstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload high-quality image (99 K)Download as PowerPoint slideHighlights► Cytoplasmic factors regulate nuclear size and import in Xenopus ► Importin α and Ntf2 can account for interspecies nuclear scaling ► Import of nuclear lamins is a crucial determinant of nuclear size ► Importin α scales nuclear size and import during Xenopus embryogenesis