Controlling the ratchet effect through the symmetries of the systems: Application to molecular motors

We discuss a novel generic mechanism for controlling the ratchet effect through the breaking of relevant symmetries. We review previous works on ratchets where directed transport is induced by the breaking of standard temporal symmetries f(t)=−f(t+T/2)f(t)=−f(t+T/2) and f(t)=f(−t)f(t)=f(−t) (or f(t)=−f(−t)f(t)=−f(−t)). We find that in seemingly unrelated systems the average velocity (or the current) of particles (or solitons) exhibits common features. We show that, as a consequence of Curie’s symmetry principle, the average velocity (or the current) is related to the breaking of the symmetries of the system. This relationship allows us to control the transport in a systematic way. The qualitative agreement between the present analytical predictions and previous experimental, numerical, and theoretical results leads us to suggest that for the given breaking of the temporal symmetries there is an optimal wave form for a given time-periodic force. Also, we comment on how this mechanism can be applied to the case where a ratchet effect is induced by breaking of spatial symmetries. Finally, we conjecture that the ratchet potential underlying biological motor proteins might be optimized according to the breaking of the relevant symmetries.