Application of heterogeneous catalysts for transesterification of refined palm oil in ultrasound-assisted reactor

This research investigated the application of commercial heterogeneous catalysts i.e., calcium oxide (CaO) and potassium phosphate (K3PO4) for biodiesel production in an ultrasound-assisted reactor (US). For comparison, the results from the use of homogeneous catalysts i.e., sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as well as from the use of conventional mechanical stirred reactor (MS) were also studied. High methyl ester yields were achieved in the US reactor for both CaO (90%) and K3PO4 (80%). The mixing characteristics generated from US and MS reactors resulted in the different performance (activation and deactivation) of CaO and K3PO4 catalyzed transesterification. The major overcome of using US reactor for heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification was found in the catalyst reusability test. Methyl ester yield of CaO catalyst gradually reduced when applying US reactor compared to MS reactor, particularly in the last cycle. The dissolution effect was more severe when employing K3PO4 catalyst in the MS reactor due to the mechanical stress and the mixing characteristic effects. Therefore, the use of US reactor did not only provide the high methyl ester yield in a short reaction time but also showed the hindrance of dissolution compared to the MS reactor. It can be concluded that the heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification in US reactor was not only favorable in the activation but also diminishable in the deactivation of solid catalysts.

Graphical abstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights► Different mixing characteristics between US and MS cause different catalytic behavior. ► US reactor promotes the heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification of refined palm oil. ► CaO is superior to K3PO4 in term of reusability. ► US reactor shows less dissolution of K3PO4 than MS reactor.