Survival in a Recent Cohort of Mechanically Ventilated Pediatric Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients

There is ongoing discussion whether survival improved for children requiring mechanical ventilation after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We reviewed the outcomes of 150 children who received an allogeneic HSCT between January 1999 and April 2007, in a pediatric university hospital in The Netherlands. Thirty-five of the 150 patients received mechanical ventilation on 38 occasions. None of the recorded risk factors was significantly associated with the requirement of mechanical ventilation. Sixteen admissions resulted in death in the intensive care unit (ICU), giving a case fatality rate of 42% (95% confidence interval 26%-58%). ICU mortality was associated with multiorgan failure on the second day of admission and with the use of high frequency oscillatory ventilation. Patients had higher pediatric risk of mortality scores than in previous studies, reflecting higher acuity of illness on admission to the ICU. Six-month survival in patients discharged from the ICU was 82%. Compared to previous studies, we found an improvement in ICU survival and survival 6 months after ICU discharge in a recent cohort of ventilated children after allogeneic HSCT, even though our patients were more severely ill. Our results are promising, but they need to be confirmed in larger, preferably multicenter, studies.