Origin and Role of a Subset of Tumor-Associated Neutrophils with Antigen-Presenting Cell Features in Early-Stage Human Lung Cancer

•Lung tumors accumulate a subset of TANs with a granulocyte and APC hybrid phenotype•APC-like hybrid neutrophils are able to stimulate the anti-tumor T cell responses•IFN-γ and GM-CSF are requisite factors for the development of hybrid neutrophils•Ikaros negatively regulates the development of hybrid neutrophils from progenitors

SummaryBased on studies in mouse tumor models, granulocytes appear to play a tumor-promoting role. However, there are limited data about the phenotype and function of tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) in humans. Here, we identify a subset of TANs that exhibited characteristics of both neutrophils and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in early-stage human lung cancer. These APC-like “hybrid neutrophils,” which originate from CD11b+CD15hiCD10−CD16low immature progenitors, are able to cross-present antigens, as well as trigger and augment anti-tumor T cell responses. Interferon-γ and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor are requisite factors in the tumor that, working through the Ikaros transcription factor, synergistically exert their APC-promoting effects on the progenitors. Overall, these data demonstrate the existence of a specialized TAN subset with anti-tumor capabilities in human cancer.