Pharmacometabolomics-aided Pharmacogenomics in Autoimmune Disease

•Precision medicine holds the promise of tailored-made therapeutics•Better-informed, rapid and cost-effective omic studies need the synergy between artificial and human intelligence•Autoimmune diseases serve as a paradigm of the “pharmacometabolomics-aided pharmacogenomics” approach and information technologies synergy

Inter-individual variability has been a major hurdle to optimize disease management. Precision medicine holds promise for improving health and healthcare via tailor-made therapeutic strategies. Herein, we outline the paradigm of “pharmacometabolomics-aided pharmacogenomics” in autoimmune diseases. We envisage merging pharmacometabolomic and pharmacogenomic data (to address the interplay of genomic and environmental influences) with information technologies to facilitate data analysis as well as sense- and decision-making on the basis of synergy between artificial and human intelligence. Humans can detect patterns, which computer algorithms may fail to do so, whereas data-intensive and cognitively complex settings and processes limit human ability. We propose that better-informed, rapid and cost-effective omics studies need the implementation of holistic and multidisciplinary approaches.