Solution Conformation and Heparin-induced Dimerization of the Full-length Extracellular Domain of the Human Amyloid Precursor Protein

Proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β and γ-secretases gives rise to the β-amyloid peptide, considered to be a causal factor in Alzheimer's disease. Conversely, the soluble extracellular domain of APP (sAPPα), released upon its cleavage by α-secretase, plays a number of important physiological functions. Several APP fragments have been structurally characterized at atomic resolution, but the structures of intact APP and of full-length sAPPα have not been determined. Here, ab initio reconstruction of molecular models from high-resolution solution X-ray scattering (SAXS) data for the two main isoforms of sAPPα (sAPPα695 and sAPPα770) provided models of sufficiently high resolution to identify distinct structural domains of APP. The fragments for which structures are known at atomic resolution were fitted within the solution models of full-length sAPPα, allowing localization of important functional sites (i.e. glycosylation, protease inhibitory and heparin-binding sites). Furthermore, combined results from SAXS, analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis indicate that both sAPPα isoforms are monomeric in solution. On the other hand, SEC, bis-ANS fluorescence, AUC and SAXS measurements showed that sAPPα forms a 2:1 complex with heparin. A conformational model for the sAPPα:heparin complex was also derived from the SAXS data. Possible implications of such complex formation for the physiological dimerization of APP and biological signaling are discussed in terms of the structural models proposed.