Synthesis of nanosized gadolinium doped ceria solid solution by high energy ball milling

This paper reports the development of a new process for the synthesis of gadolinium-doped ceria (20GDC) solid solution nanoparticles, as a solid electrolyte for use in solid oxide fuel cells. It is based on high energy milling (mechanical alloying or MA) of CeO2 and Gd2O3 powders containing 10 mol% Gd2O3. The samples, obtained after different milling times of 10 to 60 h, were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET method of the specific surface area measurement, electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The fluorite-structured Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 solid solution nanopowder with the surface area of 16.86 m2/g and particle sizes below 50 nm was obtained by milling the oxide mixture for 30 h. Increase in the milling time beyond 30 h led to the smaller crystallite sizes and more agglomeration. The structural changes, as evidence for the formation of solid solution, which occurred during the course of the milling process, could be appropriately followed and discussed by Raman spectroscopy.

Graphical abstractThis paper describes new results about the formation of nanosized 20GDC solid solution using high energy ball milling technique. It also reports results derived from the Raman spectra of the compounds after milling. The fluorite-structured Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 solid solution with surface area of 16.86 m2/g and particle size below 50 nm was formed after 30 h milling.Figure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights► We have studied synthesis of Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9 solid solution by mechanical alloying for the first time. ► XRD and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of the solid solution after 30 h. ► Decreasing grain sizes and increasing defect concentration facilitated diffusing of Gd3+ ions into CeO2 during milling.