Alpha interferon is a powerful adjuvant for a recombinant protein vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus in swine, and an effective stimulus of in vivo immune response

The adjuvant effect of porcine interferon-alpha (PoIFN-α) was examined in swine vaccinated with a recombinant FMD protein vaccine named IgG-FMDV, which contains the swine IgG single heavy chain constant region and an immunogenic peptide of serotype O FMDV. The PoIFN-α gene was cloned into pcDNA3 vector and the recombinant plasmid was incorporated into cationic liposomes by a dehydration and rehydration procedure to use as an adjuvant, injected together with low-dose IgG-FMDV. This procedure resulted in strong induction of FMDV-specific neutralizing antibody and significant T-cell-mediated immune responses, whereas only a modest humoral and cellular response was observed with low-dose vaccine alone. As an adjuvant for the protein vaccine, PoIFN-α induced strong inflammatory cytokines production in vivo and the results denoted that IFN-adjuvant and our vaccines could drive the immune response toward Th1 type responses. The data of ELISA suggests that the recombinant protein vaccine synergizes with the IFN-adjuvant to produce endogenous IFN in vivo. In response to viral challenge, all control animals developed viremia and lesions, whereas all animals received IFN-adjuvant + IgG-FMDV were protected and nonstructural protein antibody in this group could not be detected by 14 days post-challenge (dpc). Our studies indicate that porcine IFN-α is a powerful adjuvant for recombinant FMD protein vaccine and could aid in vaccination against FMDV in swine.