Identification of a kazal-type serine protease inhibitor with potent anti-staphylococcal activity as part of Hydra's innate immune system

In the absence of migratory phagocytic cells the basal metazoan Hydra has developed a very effective immune system. Previous work has shown that epithelial cells, both in the ectoderm and endoderm, recognize PAMPs by TLR and produce a number of antimicrobial peptides. In this study we demonstrate that not only epithelial cells but also gland cells are critically involved in Hydra's innate host defense by producing a kazal-type serine protease inhibitor, kazal2, that has potent in vitro bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The discovery of an antimicrobial serine protease inhibitor in Hydra may shed new light on the mechanisms of host defense early in metazoan evolution, and promises to open new avenues for the development of potent anti-staphylococcal compounds.