Virtual operator modeling method for excavator trenching

•The virtual operator model (VOM) simulated human operation of construction machines.•VOM behaviors were based on goals, control strategies, and human perceivable cues.•The development approach combined human factors and dynamical system modeling.•VOM simulation demonstrated trenching work cycles with multiple operator strategies.•Results demonstrated VOM adaptation to different vehicle and work site conditions.

This research investigated how machine operator expertise, strategies, and decision-making can be integrated into operator models that simulate authentic human behavior in construction machine operations. Physical prototype tests of construction machines require significant time and cost. However, computer-based simulation is often limited by the fidelity in which human operators are modeled. A greater understanding of how highly skilled operators obtain high machine performance and productivity can inform machine development and advance construction automation technology. Operator interviews were conducted to build a framework of tasks, strategies, and cues commonly used while controlling an excavator through repeating work cycles. A closed loop simulation demonstrated that an operator model could simulate the trenching work cycle with multiple operator strategies, and adapt to different vehicle and work site settings. A virtual operator model that captures human expert behaviors can be used to assess vehicle characteristics and efficiency, and inform the design of automation systems.