Analysis of Inpatient Use of Fresh Frozen Plasma and Other Therapies and Associated Outcomes in Patients with Major Bleeds from Vitamin K Antagonism

ObjectiveWe conducted an observational study of outcomes and costs associated with fresh frozen plasma (FFP) use in patients receiving warfarin with intracerebral, gastrointestinal, or musculoskeletal bleeding.MethodsPatients who had at least 1 International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code indicative of anticoagulation history, received ≥1 unit FFP, and had patient costs >$0 were identified from a database of >600 US hospitals. The main outcome was transfusion of additional blood products (eg, cryoprecipitate, red blood cells, or platelets) or vitamin K. Further outcomes included administration of other bleeding-related therapies (eg, recombinant activated factor VII, albumin, or crystalloids), incidence of fluid overload, days in the intensive care unit, discharge status, and total hospital costs.ResultsThe most frequently administered products were vitamin K and red blood cells, given to 55.6% to 61.0% and 19.2% to 29.3% of patients, respectively. The number of FFP units transfused correlated highly with fluid overload (r > 0.91) and was associated with inpatient mortality, nonhome discharge, and intensive care unit admittance. For both inpatient mortality and nonhome discharge, the odds ratio was significant when ≥4 units FFP were transfused (P < 0.05). A dose of >2 units FFP was associated with an increased probability of an intensive care unit stay (P < 0.05). Total costs were greater among patients receiving >2 units FFP compared with patients who received 1 unit FFP (P < 0.001), with a substantial increase in costs incurred when ≥4 units FFP were transfused.ConclusionsIn patients with warfarin-related bleeding, inpatient mortality, nonhome discharge, intensive care unit admission, and hospital costs were associated with the number of units of FFP transfused.