Peroxynitrite stimulates pulmonary artery endothelial and smooth muscle cell proliferation: Involvement of ERK and PKC

BackgroundThere is evidence that peroxynitrite is generated in pulmonary hypertension and we have therefore investigated whether peroxynitrite can cause proliferation of pulmonary artery cells.MethodsBovine pulmonary artery endothelial (PAEC) and smooth muscle cells (PASMC) were exposed to peroxynitrite solution or to the peroxynitrite generating compound, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1). Vascular cell proliferation was determined by cell count and 3H-thymidine incorporation. Protein biochemistry was by western blot analysis.ResultsTransient exposure to peroxynitrite stimulated the proliferation of PASMC (peroxynitrite 0.2 nM–2 μM) and PAEC (peroxynitrite 0.2 μM). Peroxynitrite 0.2 μM stimulated DNA synthesis in PASMC cell by 200 ± 22% and in PAEC by 137 ± 4%. DNA synthesis in PAEC and PASMC was also stimulated by the peroxynitrite generator SIN-1 2 μM. Cell proliferation was accompanied by activation of ERK, which peaked at 15 min and remained elevated for 12 h in PASMC. However peroxynitrite at the concentrations used in this study did not activate the stress pathways p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) or Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Peroxynitrite-induced proliferation and ERK phosphorylation in PASMC were abolished by the peroxynitrite scavenger ebselen 5 μM. Peroxynitrite-induced proliferation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in PASMC was prevented by selective inhibitors of MAP kinase kinase (MEK) (U0126 5 μM, PD98059 50 μM), Raf-1 (Raf-1 kinase inhibitor 10 μM), Ras (FPT II and FPT III 10 μM) and protein kinase C (PKC) (GF109203X 10 μM). Inhibition of EGF or PDGF receptor signaling using AG-1296, AG-1478 or imatinib prevented peroxynitrite-induced cell proliferation and ERK phosphorylation in PASMC.ConclusionPeroxynitrite can stimulate proliferation of pulmonary artery cells, involving ERK, PKC and EGF or PDGF receptors.