Interactions of NADPH oxidase, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and reactive oxygen species in mequindox-mediated aldosterone secretion in Wistar rats

High doses of mequindox (MEQ) are associated with oxidative stress and pathological toxicity in the kidney. In this study, we demonstrated long term effects of MEQ on intra- or extra-adrenal renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) in vivo. RAAS plays a major role in aldosterone secretion. High doses of MEQ in the diet for 180 days in male rats led to inhibition of intra- and extra-adrenal RAAS, concident with down-regulation of Na+/K+-ATPase (NAKA) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), the downstream of aldosterone action. Significant changes of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in kidney were also observed in the high doses (110, 275 mg/kg) groups. The mRNA levels of most subunits of NADPH oxidase were significantly upregulated at low doses (25–110 mg/kg) but the upregulation was diminished at higher doses in both kidney and adrenal gland, indicating a complicated and contradictory effect of MEQ on NADPH. These results highlight the complex interactions of drug metabolism, RAAS, NADPH oxidase and oxidative stress in response to MEQ-induced tissue toxicity and aldosterone secretion.