Hesperidin inhibited acetaldehyde-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells

Previous studies have revealed that acetaldehyde-induced cell invasion and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activation and are directly involved in hepatic tumorigenesis and metastasis. Acetaldehyde is an important substance for tumor regression. We designed this study to aid in the development of powerful anti-cancer drugs with specific tumor regression and anti-metastatic potentials. Optimal drugs should possess both specific MMP-9 enzyme and gene transcriptional activities at the molecular level. Hesperidin, a flavonoid present in fruits and vegetables, possess anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive activities. Hesperidin suppressed acetaldehyde-induced cell invasion and inhibited the secreted and cytosolic MMP-9 forms in HepG2 cells with acetaldehyde. Hesperidin suppressed acetaldehyde-induced MMP-9 expression through the inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and AP-1, and suppressed acetaldehyde-stimulated NF-κB translocation into the nucleus through IκB inhibitory signaling pathways. Hesperidin also inhibited acetaldehyde-induced AP-1 activity by the inhibitory phosphorylation of p38 kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways.Results from our study revealed that hesperidin suppressed both acetaldehyde-activated NF-κB and activator protein 1 (AP-1) activity by IκB, JNK, and p38 signaling pathways. This resulted in the reduction of MMP-9 expression, secretion, and hepatocarcinoma cellular invasion. Our result confirmed the therapeutic potential of hesperidin an anti-metastatic and its involvement in the acetaldehyde-induced cell invasiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma in alcoholic patients.