Prognosis for Functional Deterioration and Functional Improvement in Late Life Among Community-Dwelling Persons

ObjectiveTo examine how health-related, socioeconomic, and environmental factors combine to influence the onset of activity of daily living (ADL) limitations or prognosis for death or further functional deterioration or improvement among elderly people.DesignA national representative sample with 2-year follow-up.SettingCommunity-dwelling people.ParticipantsIncluded were 9447 persons (≥70 years of age) in the United States from the Second Longitudinal Study of Aging who were interviewed in 1994, 1995, or 1996.MethodsSelf- or proxy-reported health conditions, ADLs expressed as 5 stages describing severity and pattern of limitations, and other baseline characteristics were obtained. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to predict stage transitions. Because of incomplete follow-up (17.7% of baseline sample), primary analyses were determined by multiple imputation to address potential bias associated with loss to follow-up.Main Outcome MeasurementADL stage transitions in 2 years (death, deteriorated, stable, and improved ADL function).ResultsIn the imputed-case analysis, the percentages for those who died, deteriorated, were stable, and improved were 12.6%, 32.7%, 48.4%, and 6.2%, respectively. Persons at a mild stage of ADL limitation were most likely to deteriorate further. Persons at advanced stages were most likely to die. Married people and high school graduates had a lower likelihood of deterioration. The risk of mortality and functional deterioration increased with age. Certain conditions, such as diabetes, were associated both with mortality and functional deterioration; other conditions, such as cancer, were associated with mortality only, and arthritis was associated only with functional deterioration.ConclusionsAlthough overlap occurs, different clinical traits are associated with mortality, functional deterioration, and functional improvement. ADL stages might aid physical medicine and rehabilitation clinicians and researchers in developing and monitoring disability management strategies targeted to maintaining and enhancing self-care among community-dwelling older people.