Which Lower Limb Frontal Plane Sensory and Motor Functions Predict Gait Speed and Efficiency on Uneven Surfaces in Older Persons With Diabetic Neuropathy?

ObjectiveTo identify which frontal plane lower limb sensorimotor functions predict gait speed and efficiency (step-width-to-step-length ratio) on an uneven surface.DesignCross-sectional observational study.SettingA biomechanics research laboratory.ParticipantsThirty-three subjects (14 women [42.4%]; 21 with diabetic distal symmetric peripheral neuropathy [63.6%]), with a spectrum of lower limb sensorimotor functions that ranged from normal to marked diabetic neuropathy.MethodsIndependent variables included ankle inversion-eversion proprioceptive thresholds, and normalized measures of maximum voluntary strength and maximum rate of torque development (RTD) of hip abduction-adduction and ankle inversion-eversion. Kinematic data were obtained by using an optoelectronic system as subjects walked over an uneven 10-m surface.Main Outcome MeasuresDependent variables included gait speed and efficiency (determined by step-width-to-step-length ratio) on an uneven surface.ResultsHip adduction RTD and ankle inversion RTD predicted 54% of gait speed, with the former predicting the majority (44%). Ankle inversion RTD was the only significant predictor of gait efficiency, which accounted for 46% of its variability. Age did not predict gait speed or efficiency.ConclusionsThe rapid generation of strength in the frontal plane at the hip and ankle is responsible for the successful negotiation of irregular surfaces in older persons. Age demonstrated no independent influence. Training regimens in older persons should include maneuvers that rapidly develop strength in hip adductors and ankle invertors if navigation of uneven surfaces is a functional goal.