Mediastinal Imaging Pitfalls

Potential pitfalls in the interpretation of diseases involving the mediastinum are seen when imaging with computed tomography and [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography. These pitfalls can involve any mediastinal structure, including the mediastinal vessels, heart, lymph nodes, thymus, trachea, esophagus, and fat. Misinterpretation of normal variants or benign conditions as pathology can affect staging and alter treatment. After reading this review, the reader should be able to identify common mediastinal imaging pitfalls and apply ancillary measures to confirm the correct diagnosis and thus reach an accurate diagnosis to facilitate correct patient treatment.