Admixture of ephedrine to offset side effects of propofol: a randomized, controlled trial

Study ObjectiveTo determine whether adding ephedrine to propofol is as effective as adding lidocaine at reducing injection pain, and its effects on hemodynamics.DesignRandomized, double-blinded, controlled trial.SettingDistrict general hospital in the United Kingdom.Patients156 adult, ASA physical status I, II, and III patients undergoing elective or emergency general anesthesia.InterventionsPatients were randomized to one of three groups to receive one mL of 1% lidocaine per 20 mL of 1% propofol (Group L), 15 mg of ephedrine per 20 mL of propofol (Group E15), or 30 mg of ephedrine per 20 mL of propofol (Group E30).Measurements and Main ResultsPain on injection, heart rate, and blood pressure at one-minute intervals for ten minutes were recorded. There was no significant difference in injection pain among groups. Group E30 had the least amount of hemodynamic change.ConclusionAdding 30 mg of ephedrine to 20 mL of 1% propofol is as effective as adding lidocaine in preventing injection pain, and it results in a more stable hemodynamic profile.