Cross-talk between estrogen receptors and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor in the brain: Cellular and molecular mechanisms

Accumulating evidence suggests that insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and estradiol interact to regulate neural function. In this review, we focus on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in this interaction. The expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) and IGF-I receptor is cross-regulated in the central nervous system and many neurons and astrocytes coexpress both receptors. Furthermore, estradiol activates IGF-I receptor and its intracellular signaling. This effect may involve classical ERs since recent findings suggest that ERα may affect IGF-I actions in the brain by a direct interaction with some of the components of IGF-I signaling. In turn, IGF-I may regulate ER transcriptional activity in neuronal cells. In conclusion, ERs appear to be part of the signaling mechanism of IGF-I, and IGF-I receptor part of the mechanism of estradiol signaling in the nervous system.