Molecular, cellular, morphological, physiological and behavioral aspects of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone

•GnIH is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that was isolated from the Japanese quail brain.•GnIH peptide has LPXRFamide (X = L or Q) motif at its C-terminal.•The primary receptor for GnIH is GPR147.•GnIH regulates reproductive activities and feeding behavior.•GnIH is involved in stress responses not only in the brain but also in gonads.

Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that was isolated from the brains of Japanese quail in 2000, which inhibited luteinizing hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland. Here, we summarize the following fifteen years of researches that investigated on the mechanism of GnIH actions at molecular, cellular, morphological, physiological, and behavioral levels. The unique molecular st