Proteins responsible for lysogeny of deep-sea thermophilic bacteriophage GVE2 at high temperature

The lytic and lysogenic life cycle switch of bacteriophages plays very important roles in virus–host interactions. However, the lysogeny of thermophilic bacteriophage infecting thermophile at high temperatures has not been addressed. In this study, two lysogeny-related genes encoding the CI protein and recombinase of GVE2, a thermophilic bacteriophage obtained from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent, were characterized. Temporal analyses showed that the two genes were expressed at early stages of GVE2 infection. Based on chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), the GVE2 CI protein was bound with only one DNA fragment located at 24264–24036 bp in the GVE2 genome. This location might be the original transcription site and the lysis–lysogeny switch site, which was very different from mesophilic bacteriophages. The GVE2 CI and recombinase proteins could function only at high temperatures. Therefore our study improved our understanding of the lysogeny process of bacteriophages at high temperatures.