The effects of intrathecal rituximab on biomarkers in multiple sclerosis

•Despite intrathecal administration, rituximab was detectable in the serum but not the CSF.•CSF BAFF fell following rituximab administration, but serum BAFF increased.•Serum CD20+ and CD19+ cell populations fell in the peripheral blood compartment following rituximab administration.

ObjectivesClinical trials of IV-rituximab have proved successful. It is unclear whether intrathecal (IT)-rituximab is more efficacious at lower doses. We examine its effects on B-cell biomarkers.MethodsMS patients received IT-rituximab at 3 time-points. CSF and serum samples were obtained at up to 5 time-points (days 0, 7, 14, 56 and 112).Serum and CSF BAFF and CXCL13, and CSF kappa and lambda free light chains (FLC) were measured. Flow cytometry was performed, examining effects on lymphocytes, CD3-19+ and CD3-20+ cells.ResultsCSF BAFF fell following rituximab (p=0.0091 absolute values, p=0.0284 change from baseline) whilst serum BAFF increased across time-points 1–4 (p=0.0005 absolute values, p=0.0017 change from baseline).There were significant reductions in CD20+ and CD19+ cells in blood from baseline (p<0.0001) but not in CSF. CSF kappa FLC levels significantly increased (p=0.0480).ConclusionsBAFF levels fall in CSF but increase in serum following IT-rituximab. Rituximab appears to act peripherally with dramatic decreases in peripheral CD20+ and CD19+ cells. It is likely that CSF B-cell counts were too low to enable differences to be seen. The rapid reduction in B-cells suggests rituximab has immediate effects. The profound depletion of B-cells, despite low doses of rituximab, underlines rituximab’s efficacy.