The biology of Trichomonas vaginalis in the light of urogenital tract infection

•Trichomonas remains the most prevalent eukaryotic pathogen of the urogenital tract.•The parasite not only causes trichomoniasis, but also influences the vaginal microflora.•New findings (e.g. exosomes, migration) highlight the complex infection biology.•Surface proteome diversity and expansion of the endocytotic machinery underpin their importance for pathogenicity.

The human pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protist. It is a representative of the eukaryotic supergroup Excavata that includes a few other protist parasites such as Leishmania, Trypanosoma and Giardia. T. vaginalis is the agent of trichomoniasis and in the US alone, one in 30 women tests positive for this parasite. The disease is easily treated with metronidazole in most cases, but resistant strains are on the rise. The biology of Trichomonas is remarkable: it includes for example the biggest protist genome currently sequenced, the expression of about 30,000 protein-encoding genes (and thousands of lncRNAs and pseudogenes), anaerobic hydrogenosomes, rapid morphogenesis during infection, the secretion of exosomes, the manipulation of the vaginal microbiota through phagocytosis and a rich strain-dependent diversity. Here we provide an overview of Trichomonas biology with a focus on its relevance for pathogenicity and summarise the most recent advances. With some respect this parasite offers the opportunity to serve as a model system to study certain aspects of cell and genome biology, but tackling the complex biology of T. vaginalis is also important to better understand the effects that accompany infection and direct symptoms.

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