Selection and evaluation of single domain antibodies toward MS2 phage and coat protein

MS2 phage (MS2 Ø) is a coli phage, non-pathogenic to eukaryotic cells, which has been used as a simulant for viral biothreats, such as those causing smallpox and hemorrhagic fever. MS2 Ø consists of an icosahedral capsid, 28 nm in diameter, and a single stranded RNA genome; the viral capsid is composed of 180 copies of coat protein (CP). In this study, we isolated anti-MS2 Ø single domain antibodies (sdAbs) for the sensitive detection of the MS2 Ø. To achieve this, a first immune sdAb library was prepared from llamas immunized with purified coat protein and a second from animals immunized with MS2 Ø. By panning the two libraries against CP, MS2 Ø, or alternating between the two targets, anti-MS2 Ø and anti-CP sdAbs were selected, sequenced, and characterized for their binding affinity. Both direct binding assays and capture sandwich assays were performed on the MAGPIX platform. One of the best anti-MS2 Ø sdAb, Lib2CP12H, could detect MS2 Ø concentrations as low as 1.45 ng/mL (∼5.0E+6 pfu/mL), providing equivalent detection to conventional antibodies. This sdAb is thermally stable with a melting temperature around 60 °C and recovered 80% of its secondary structure after heat denaturation.

► We developed immune libraries for selecting single domain antibodies against MS2 Ø and coat proteins. ► More than 60 selected sdAbs were sequenced and evaluated. ► Anti-CP sdAbs had long variable CDR2 and short nearly identical CDR3, while anti-MS2 Ø sdAbs had diverse CDRs. ► One selected anti-MS2 Ø sdAb detected MS2 Ø concentration as low as 1.45 ng/mL (∼5.0E+6 pfu/mL), same as the conventional antibodies. ► Most selected sdAbs demonstrated high specificity and good thermal stability with high recovery rate after heat denaturation.