| Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2846830 | Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology | 2015 | 8 Pages |
•Active spots on blood vessels produced decompression bubbles in calm conditions.•A blow or pulsatile flow failed to dislodge bubbles any smaller than these.•This may be the main mechanism of bubble formation in blood vessels after decompression.•Large bubbles in the arterial circulation pose a risk of decompression sickness.•This new mechanism of bubble formation correlates well with five features of diving.
Bubbles nucleate and develop after decompression at active spots on the luminal aspect of ovine large blood vessels. Series of bubbles were shown to detach from the active spot with a mean diameter of 0.7–1.0 mm in calm conditions. The effect of mechanical disturbance (striking the bowl containing the vessel or tangential flow) was studied on ovine blood vessels stretched on microscope slides and photographed after hyperbaric exposure. Diameter on detachment after a heavy blow to the bowl was 0.87 ± 0.43 mm (mean ± SD), no different from bubbles which detached without striking the bowl (0.86 ± 0.28 mm). Bubble diameter on detachment during pulsatile tangential flow at 234 cm/min, 0.99 ± 0.36 mm, was not smaller than that seen in the same blood vessels in calm conditions (0.81 ± 0.34 mm). The active spots were stained for lipids, proving their hydrophobicity. The most abundant active spots, which produced only a few bubbles, did not stain for lipids thereafter. The possibility that phospholipids were removed along with detached bubbles may correlate with acclimation to diving. The finding of bubble production at the active spots matches observed phenomena in divers: variable sensitivity to decompression, acclimation to diving, the effect of elevated gas load on increased bubble formation, a higher bubble score in the second dive on the same day, and unexplained neurological symptoms after decompression. Large bubbles released from the arterial circulation give serious cause for concern.
