Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
2865383 | The American Journal of the Medical Sciences | 2009 | 6 Pages |
Abstract
The clinical syndrome congestive heart failure (CHF) has its origins rooted in a salt-avid state mediated largely by effector hormones of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. In recent years, this cardiorenal perspective of CHF has taken on a broader perspective. One which focuses on a progressive systemic illness, whose major features include the presence of oxidative stress in diverse tissues and elevated circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines coupled with a wasting of soft tissues and bone. Experimental studies, which simulate chronic renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation, and translational studies in patients with salt avidity having decompensated biventricular failure with hepatic and splanchnic congestion have forged a broader understanding of this illness and the important contribution of a dyshomeostasis of Ca2Â +, Mg2Â +, Zn2Â +, Se2Â +, and vitamins D, B12, and B1. Herein, we review biomarkers indicative of the nutrient imbalance found in CHF and raise the question of a need for a polynutrient supplement in the overall management of CHF.
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Authors
German MD, PhD, Syamal K. PhD, Robert A. PhD, Yao MD, PhD, Karl T. MD, Ivan C. PhD, Joshua P. BS,