Heightened inflammation is linked to carotid intima-media thickness and endothelial activation in HIV-infected children

ObjectivesHIV+ patients are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Inflammation plays a role in adults, but has not yet been assessed in HIV+ children. We compared proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules in HIV+ children versus healthy controls, and assessed their relationship to carotid intima-media thickness (IMT).MethodsEvaluations were performed on 27 HIV+ children and 30 HIV-healthy controls (2-21 years) who were prospectively enrolled in our pediatric cohort. Measurements included internal carotid artery (ICA) and common carotid artery (CCA) IMT, fasting lipids, insulin, proinflammatory markers (TNF-α, soluble TNF receptors (sTNFR-I, -II), IL-6, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), myeloperoxidase (MPO)), and adhesion molecules (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), von Willebrand factor).ResultsAmong HIV+, mean age was 11 years, 33% males, 70% black. 96% acquired HIV vertically; median CD4 count (CD4%) was 1058 (35%) cells/ml; 96% were on antiretroviral therapy (ART); 70% had HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/ml. Groups were similar in age, race, sex, BMI, proinflammatory cytokines, adhesion markers, and carotid IMT except for hsCRP which was higher in HIV+ (P < 0.001). In multiple regression analyses, hCRP, age, and female sex were positively associated with IMT. ART duration and sTNFR-II were positively associated with sVCAM-1.ConclusionsThis study shows increased hsCRP in HIV+ children compared to healthy controls. As seen in adults, hCRP was associated with carotid IMT, which support a role for inflammation in CVD risk of HIV+ children.