Multiple Small-Dose Injections Can Reduce the Passage of Sclerosant Foam into Deep Veins During Foam Sclerotherapy for Varicose Veins

ObjectiveTo compare the proportion of foam sclerosant that enters deep veins between multiple injections of <0.5 ml foam per injection and a few injections of >0.5 ml foam per injection.Design & methodsOne hundred and seven patients with superficial venous incompetence were randomised to receive either multiple injections of <0.5 ml 1% polidocanol (POL) -foam (multiple injections) or a few injections of >0.5 ml 1% POL-foam per injection (few injections) for the treatment of varicose tributaries. All patients then received ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for refluxing great saphenous vein (GSV) using 3% POL-foam. Only a single session was allowed per patient in order to standardise treatment. Qualitative ultrasonographic inspection of the foam was carried out during a 5-min period before compression was applied. Post-sclerotherapy surveillance was done at day 3, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months.ResultsFifty-six limbs in 53 patients were treated with multiple injections and the remaining 56 limbs in 54 patients were treated with a few injections. There were no significant differences in age or male:female ratio between the groups. The mean volume of 1% POL-foam was 2.2 S.D. 0.6 ml (range: 0.7–4.0 ml) in the multiple injections group and 2.5 S.D. 0.6 ml (range: 1.0–4.0 ml) in the few injections group (p = 0.003). The mean volume of 3% POL was 1.5 ml (range: 0.7–3.0 ml) and 1.4 ml (range: 0.7–3.0 ml), respectively (p = 0.137). Ultrasonographic inspection immediately after sclerotherapy demonstrated that foam was distributed significantly more commonly in the deep veins of patients treated with a few injections (p = 0.0003). Two (4%) of the patients treated with a few injections developed migraine during the procedure, but recovered quickly with no further complications. There was no significant difference in the success rate between the groups at 6 months (p = 0.257).ConclusionsThese findings suggest that multiple small-dose injections can reduce the amount of foam sclerosant and the risk of foam sclerosant entering the deep veins in patients with superficial venous insufficiency.