Acute Mortality in Critically Ill Patients Undergoing Echocardiography With or Without an Ultrasound Contrast Agent

ObjectivesThe objective of this observational study was to compare 48-h all-cause mortality (as well as hospital stay mortality) among critically ill patients who underwent echocardiography either with or without an ultrasound contrast agent (UCA).BackgroundThe safety of perflutren-based UCAs has been questioned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (particularly when administered to critically ill patients) following rare reports of deaths or life-threatening adverse reactions that occurred in close temporal relationship to UCA administration.MethodsThis was a retrospective observational outcome study conducted in critically ill patients to compare all-cause 48-h and hospital stay mortality subsequent to echocardiography procedures performed either with or without a UCA. The study utilized discharge data from a database maintained by Premier, Inc. (Charlotte, North Carolina). Premier’s database is the largest U.S. hospital–based, service-level comparative database for quality and outcomes research, and provides detailed resource utilization data along with patients’ primary and secondary diagnoses and procedure billing codes. A propensity score–matching algorithm between UCA-enhanced echocardiography patients and non–contrast-enhanced echocardiography patients was utilized to reduce the potential for imbalance in covariates of selected patients in the comparison of mortality between groups.ResultsPatients undergoing echocardiography with a UCA had lower mortality at 48 h compared with patients undergoing non–contrast-enhanced echocardiography (1.70% vs. 2.50%), with an odds ratio = 0.66 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54 to 0.80). Patients undergoing echocardiography with a UCA had lower hospital stay mortality compared with patients undergoing noncontrast echocardiography (14.85% vs. 15.66%), with an odds ratio = 0.89 (95% CI: 0.84 to 0.96).ConclusionsIn critically ill, propensity-matched hospitalized patients undergoing echocardiography, use of a UCA is associated with a 28% lower mortality at 48 h in comparison with patients undergoing non–contrast-enhanced echocardiography. These results are reassuring, given previous reports suggesting an association between UCAs and increased mortality in critically ill patients.