Depression as a risk factor for cardiac illness – What do we know about?

Cardiovascular disorders are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Depression has been suggested as a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disorders. This narrative review takes a look at the evidence linking the presence of depression and occurrence of cardiovascular disorders. The biological and behavioral mechanisms of this association are explored. The mechanisms proposed to explain the relationship between depression and cardiovascular disorders include abnormalities in hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, inflammatory cytokines, autonomic dysfunction, platelet abnormalities, and presence of behavioral risk factors like poor medication adherence, substance use and lack of exercise. The review also explores the treatment options for patients with depression who have risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disorders. Finally, the unique aspects of this association in the Indian context are discussed.