Predictors of response to percutaneous ethanol sclerotherapy (PES) in patients with venous malformations: Analysis of patient self-assessment and imaging

PES should be performed in selected patients in order to obtain the best outcomes and minimize complications. No or delayed visualization of drainage vein on initial direct puncture venogram, a well-defined margin on MRI, and female gender were statistically significant predictors of a “good response” to PES and may be useful in selecting patients.