Complex malformation (Ruggieri–Happle) phenotype with “cutis tricolor” in a 10-year-old girl

The term cutis tricolor describes the combination of congenital hyper- and hypo-pigmented skin lesions in close proximity to each other in a background of normal complexion. It is currently regarded as a twin-spotting phenomenon and today is clear that not all cases of cutis tricolor represent one single entity. This phenomenon has been reported so far: (a) as an isolated skin manifestation; (b) as a part of a complex malformation syndrome (Ruggieri–Happle syndrome – RHS); (c) as a distinct phenotype [cutis tricolor parvimaculata]; (d) in association with other (e.g., vascular) skin disturbances. We report a novel case of cutis tricolor in a 10-year-old girl who had dysmorphic facial features [alike those seen in cases with syndromic (RHS) cutis tricolor], overall overgrowth [weight, length, and head circumference were >90th percentile; there was increased bone age], mild cognitive delay (current IQ = 55), behavioural disturbances, febrile seizures and (later) partial complex epilepsy (currently under good control), and skeletal defects [i.e., posterior scalloping of the lumbar vertebrae]. We discuss the main similarities and differences between the various phenotypes in the spectrum of cutis tricolor and with other conditions sharing features with the present case.