Neurofeedback training of alpha-band coherence enhances motor performance

•New brain–computer interface approach with training of coherence between target areas.•Healthy subjects and stroke patients can learn to enhance coherence.•Training of alpha-band coherence between motor cortex and rest of brain leads to improved motor performance after stroke.

ObjectiveNeurofeedback training of motor cortex activations with brain–computer interface systems can enhance recovery in stroke patients. Here we propose a new approach which trains resting-state functional connectivity associated with motor performance instead of activations related to movements.MethodsTen healthy subjects and one stroke patient trained alpha-band coherence between their hand motor area and the rest of the brain using neurofeedback with source functional connectivity analysis and visual feedback.ResultsSeven out of ten healthy subjects were able to increase alpha-band coherence between the hand motor cortex and the rest of the brain in a single session. The patient with chronic stroke learned to enhance alpha-band coherence of his affected primary motor cortex in 7 neurofeedback sessions applied over one month. Coherence increased specifically in the targeted motor cortex and in alpha frequencies. This increase was associated with clinically meaningful and lasting improvement of motor function after stroke.ConclusionsThese results provide proof of concept that neurofeedback training of alpha-band coherence is feasible and behaviorally useful.SignificanceThe study presents evidence for a role of alpha-band coherence in motor learning and may lead to new strategies for rehabilitation.