Enhancing plasticity through repeated rTMS sessions: The benefits of a night of sleep

ObjectivePrevious work has demonstrated that corticospinal facilitation from 20 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was greater during a second rTMS session 24 h after the first. We sought to determine whether such metaplasticity is dependent on a particular phase of the normal sleep–wake/circadian cycle.MethodsTwenty healthy participants received two sessions of 20 Hz rTMS over the hand motor cortex (M1) spaced 12 h apart, either over-day or overnight.ResultsBaseline corticospinal excitability did not differ by group or session. The time-of-day of Session 1 did not influence the relative increase in excitability following rTMS. However, the increase in excitability from the second rTMS session was 2-fold greater in the overnight group.ConclusionsWhen a night with sleep follows rTMS to M1, the capacity to induce subsequent plasticity in M1 is enhanced, suggesting sleep–wake and/or circadian-dependent modulation of processes of metaplasticity.SignificanceTMS treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders entails repeated sessions of rTMS. Our findings suggest that the timing of sessions relative to the sleep–wake/circadian cycle may be a critical factor in the cumulative effect of treatment. Future studies using this paradigm may provide mechanistic insights into human metaplasticity, leading to refined strategies to enhance non-invasive stimulation therapies.