Higher Expression of Galectin-3 and Galectin-9 in Periapical Granulomas than in Radicular Cysts and an Increased Toll-like Receptor-2 and Toll-like Receptor-4 Expression Are Associated with Reactivation of Periapical Inflammation

Gal-3/Gal-9 and TLR-2/TLR-4 expression in the periapical granulomas and radicular cysts is associated with reactive periapical inflammation. Pathobiology of periapical disease is a very complex interplay of many bioactive molecules involved in immunoinflammatory responses. Up-regulation of these bioactive molecules might be an important modulator of inflammatory periapical lesions.