Junctional basement membrane anomalies of skin and mucosa in lipoid proteinosis (hyalinosis cutis et mucosae)

SummaryBackgroundExcessive basement membrane (BM) deposition in skin and mucosa is characteristic for lipoid proteinosis (LP; hyalinosis cutis et mucosae), an inherited disease caused by extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) mutations. According to ultrastructure there are striking differences between junctional and microvascular BM.ObjectiveDistinct analysis of the junctional zone in epidermis and oral mucosa, contrasting concentric BM arrays in the microvasculature; evaluation of impact on epithelial histogenesis and differentiation, and specifically on adhesion structures to BM (hemidesmosomes).MethodsLP-epithelia were analyzed for alterations in differentiation, BM composition and texture, and hemidesmosomal components by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), electron microscopy (EM), and immunoelectron microscopy (ImEM).ResultsMost striking was the irregular deposition of collagen IV and VII, BM-laminin, and laminin-5 at the junctional zone, accompanied by lamellate or punctuated structures below BM (IIF), whereas integrin α6β4 and bullous pemphigoid antigen-1 and -2 (BPAG-1/-2) were regularly aligned. Also integrins α2β1 and α3β1 remained restricted to the epidermal basal layer, while the tissue-specific differentiation markers keratin K1/10 (mucosa, additionally K4/13) appeared delayed indicating mild hyperplasia, further confirmed by focal K6/16 expression. Ultrastructure (EM) disclosed abundance of extended basal cell protrusions and junctional aberrations like exfoliating excessive BM material. Hemidesmosomes were complete, but ImEM indicated weakened interactions between their components (BPAG-1, -2, and HD1). Confirming IIF, collagen IV and VII, and laminin-5 appeared extensively scattered, the latter two probably remaining associated.ConclusionsSubtle defects in anchorage assembly, spanning the entire BM zone, apparently compromise epithelial-matrix adhesion, which may provoke (mechanical stress-induced) erroneous BM repair.