Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Host Resistance to the Pathogenic Fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a multifunctional cytokine that is critically important in host defenses to a number of pathogenic microbes. Among those, this cytokine is necessary for control of infection with the pathogenic fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum. Antagonism of endogenous cytokine is associated with an enhanced susceptibility to histoplasmosis in both mice and humans. The mechanisms by which TNF-α modulates the protective immune response will be discussed.