Recent Advances in The Management of Refractory Heart Failure

Heart failure is a pathophysiological state in which structural or functional cardiac disorder impairs the ability of the heart to function as a pump to support the physiological circulation. The medical therapy remains the mainstay of treatment in these patients. The medical therapy can improve the quality of life and the longevity in these patients, but this becomes insufficient in refractory heart failure. The heart failure is considered refractory when patients continued to be symptomatic despite optimal dose of medications, characterized by advanced structural heart disease. These patients will need frequent hospitalizations and the overall prognosis is very poor.