The nucleus para-retroambiguus: A new group of estrogen receptive cells in the caudal ventrolateral medulla of the female golden hamster

Receptive female hamsters display very rigid lordotic postures. Estradiol facilitates this behavior via activation of estrogen receptors. In the hamster brainstem estrogen receptor-α-immunoreactive neurons (ER-α-IR) are present in various brainstem regions including nucleus retroambiguus (NRA) in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) and nucleus of the solitary tract. ER-α-IR neurons in the CVLM project to the thoracic and upper lumbar cord. However, A1 neurons in this region do not project to the spinal cord, in contrast to overlapping C1 neurons. The question now arises: are ER-α-IR cells in the CVLM part of the A1/C1 group, or do they belong to the NRA or do they compose a separate cluster.A study in ovariectomized female hamsters using a combination of double immunostaining and retrograde tracing techniques and measurement of soma diameters was carried out.The results showed that A1/C1 neurons in the CVLM are almost never ER-α-positive; neurons inside or bordering the NRA can be divided in two different types: large multipolar and small; the large NRA-neurons, projecting caudally, are neither tyrosine hydroxylase- (TH) nor ER-α-IR; the small neurons, bordering the NRA and projecting caudally, are ER-α-IR but not TH-IR.From the available evidence and the present findings it can be concluded that the group of small ER-α-IR neurons in the CVLM has to be considered as a distinct entity, probably involved in the autonomic physiological changes concurring with successive phases of the estrous cycle. Because the location is closely related to the NRA itself the nucleus is called nucleus para-retroambiguus, abbreviated (NPRA).