Preferential enhancement of older human T cell cytokine generation, chemotaxis, proliferation and survival by lenalidomide

Lenalidomide, an analog of thalidomide, modified responses of stimulated T cells from healthy young (ages 21–40 years) and old (≥ age 65 years) subjects. At 0.03 μM to 1 μM, lenalidomide enhanced generation of IL-2 and IFN-γ by T cell receptor-stimulated T cells of young subjects up to respective maximum increases of 17-fold and three-fold, but at 0.3 μM and 1 μM suppressed IL-17 generation. The same concentrations of lenalidomide enhanced IL-2 and IFN-γ generation by stimulated T cells of old subjects more, with greater respective maximal increases of up to 120-fold and six-fold, without suppressing IL-17 generation. Lenalidomide enhanced proliferation and suppressed apoptosis of stimulated T cells from old subjects, by IL-2-dependent mechanisms, and restored diminished T cell chemotactic responses to CCL21 and sphingosine 1-phosphate. The reversal of T cell abnormalities of immunosenescence by low concentrations of lenalidomide suggest a potential for improvement of immunity in the elderly.